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Corruption is seen as a big problem in Russia.[1] It affects many parts of life. This includes the economy,[2] business,[3] public administration,[4] law enforcement,[5][6] healthcare,[7][8] and education.[9] Corruption is a big part of the historical model of government. It is seen as the reason the rule of law is weak in Russia.[1] Transparency International said in 2022, "Corruption is endemic in Russia". Russia had the lowest score in Europe in the Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021.[10] It has been said to be a kleptocracy,[11] an oligarchy,[12] and a plutocracy.
Corruption significantly impedes businesses operating or planning to invest in Russia.
There seems to be general agreement among specialists that corruption is particularly rampant in post-communist Russia.
Corruption is endemic in Russia. With a score of just 29 out of 100, Russia is the lowest-ranking country in Europe and a 'country to watch' on Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.
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